Editorial status: 15 October 2026.
What research says about risks and restrictions, what Germany's government and the EU are proposing, and what a voluntary school mode for digital devices could look like. An evidence and policy review followed by my personal commentary.
During a panel discussion after my most recent keynote, one thought kept returning: young people need to learn how to navigate a digital world. At the same time, we must protect them from abuse, overwhelming experiences and services deliberately designed to keep them engaged. Once we discuss specific rules, this shared objective becomes a difficult balancing exercise.
A senior criminal investigator taking part, who said he also works in schools and prevention, spoke about cybergrooming and cyberbullying. I am paraphrasing his contribution here: young people need to understand which behaviours harm others and what legal consequences they can have. The internet must not be a space beyond the law. I agree. Psychological harm deserves attention just as physical harm does.
In the same discussion, I proposed what I call “Bayern-MDM”: a voluntary, clearly bounded school mode for suitable personal devices. Distracting applications would be restricted during the designated school periods, while research and guided digital work would remain possible. For me, this also includes age-appropriate AI tools approved for school use. The technical and legal requirements are part of the proposal.
The debate has a new political impetus. On 14 October 2026, Germany's Federal Cabinet adopted policy principles for protecting children and young people in digital media. With the proposed KIDS Act, the European discussion also goes beyond a single age threshold. Adopted policy principles, a legislative proposal and law already in force are different things. Federal Cabinet's list of decisions, publication of the EU proposal.
The scientific and policy review comes first. In the commentary that follows, I set out my position and my proposal for Bavaria.
“Screen time” covers very different activities. A digital school assignment, a video call, a computer game and a personalised short-video feed are different experiences. Social media use can likewise mean talking to friends, creative work, looking for information or repeated exposure to distressing content. Research therefore examines both time spent and patterns of use and specific experiences. A study of all leisure screen use answers a different question from a study of personal platform accounts. National Academies, Social Media and Adolescent Health.
The distinction between intensive and problematic use is equally important. The WHO's description of problematic patterns includes loss of control, neglect of other activities and negative consequences in everyday life. A high number of minutes alone cannot replace that assessment. WHO, Teens, screens and mental health.
Studies can also answer different kinds of questions. A cross-sectional study identifies associations at a particular point in time. A longitudinal study follows changes and sequences over time. A randomised study can provide stronger evidence about the effect of a specific intervention. None of these methods automatically makes its findings transferable to every age group and policy measure. The following examples show why those distinctions matter.
An umbrella review published online in eClinicalMedicine on 4 October 2026 brings together 121 systematic reviews covering around 2,790 distinct primary studies and more than nine million participants in total. It examines digital media from birth to age 24. Many associations are unfavourable, particularly for problematic patterns of use. However, results differ by content and life stage; age-appropriate educational content and certain active forms of use can be associated with more favourable outcomes. The certainty of the evidence is predominantly rated low or very low. The large total should therefore be read neither as blanket reassurance nor as clear proof of causation. The review covers reviews up to 2025, rather than a new October survey of nine million people. eClinicalMedicine, umbrella review and meta-analysis.
A systematic review by Fassi and colleagues, published in 2024 and corrected in 2026, includes 143 studies with approximately 1.09 million young people in total. The pooled correlation between time spent using social media and internalising mental health symptoms, such as depressive symptoms and anxiety, was approximately r = 0.12. That particular subset comprised 56 studies with around 482,000 participants. This is a small statistical association, with substantial variation between studies. It means neither that social media makes twelve per cent of users ill nor that severe individual difficulties can be ruled out. The predominantly observational data do not, on their own, establish general causation. Fassi et al., JAMA Pediatrics, current version.
In their 2024 report, the National Academies concluded that the evidence then available did not adequately support a broad causal explanation of adolescent health trends at population level. The report also describes specific risks and potential benefits. That assessment remains an important methodological reference point; newer findings need to be considered alongside it. Report summary.
One such addition is the 2025 longitudinal study by Nagata and colleagues, involving 11,876 children whose average age at baseline was just under ten. Increases in an individual's social media use relative to their own average preceded higher depressive symptoms in subsequent observation intervals. This temporal sequence strengthens the indication of a risk. Since use was not randomly assigned, other influences remain possible explanations. The finding is not a rate of newly diagnosed depression. Nagata et al., JAMA Network Open.
Another paper, published in JAMA in 2025 and involving 4,285 adolescents, examined trajectories of addictive use. High or increasing problematic patterns were associated with poorer mental health outcomes. This directs attention towards loss of control and disruption to everyday life. Here, too, the questionnaire constructs used are not individual clinical diagnoses, and the association does not identify a sole cause. Xiao et al., JAMA.
The 2022 WHO/HBSC survey, whose results were published in 2024, covered almost 280,000 eleven-, thirteen- and fifteen-year-olds across 44 countries and regions. Eleven per cent showed signs of problematic social media use, compared with seven per cent in 2018. These figures describe that particular international survey. They are neither a German diagnosis rate nor a measurement from 2026. At the same time, intensive users without problematic patterns reported stronger support from peers. WHO analysis.
For Germany, the 2026 DAK/UKE study provides a different perspective. Its representative subsample comprised 1,005 families with children aged ten to seventeen, surveyed between 24 September and 12 October 2025. A total of 6.6 per cent met the questionnaire criteria used for pathological social media use. The increase from the preceding wave was not statistically significant. In this report, “problematic” includes both risky and pathological patterns; these categories must not be conflated. Different instruments and samples also prevent direct comparison between the German percentages and the WHO figures. DAK/UKE, findings and methods.
For policy assessment, the implication is straightforward: every number needs an age group, a data collection period and a definition. Otherwise, a finding that deserves serious attention becomes a misleading headline.
A randomised family study from Denmark provides a particularly interesting finding. Eighty-nine families with 181 children and adolescents were assigned to an intervention or control group. The intervention reduced leisure screen use to no more than three hours per week per person for two weeks; smartphones and tablets were handed over. The predominantly younger children subsequently showed more favourable parent-reported behavioural scores. The difference in the overall score was 1.67 points in favour of the intervention. This supports a short-term effect of that particular package of measures. Its short duration, parent reporting and comprehensive screen reduction limit its transferability to long-term government bans on social media. Schmidt-Persson et al., JAMA Network Open, 2024.
The 2025 SMART Schools study compared 1,227 twelve- to fifteen-year-olds at 30 English schools. More restrictive rules were associated with less phone and social media use during school hours. There was no corresponding difference in total use across weekdays and weekends or in mental wellbeing. This was a cross-sectional comparison, without random allocation of schools. It establishes neither that every restriction is ineffective nor that school bans produce a health benefit. Goodyear et al., original study.
A 2026 follow-up economic analysis adds a practical perspective. In the complete subsample of 20 schools with 815 pupils, differences in quality of life and wellbeing were small. Restrictive rules might, however, reduce staff time and costs; the cost estimate was uncertain. A rule can therefore matter organisationally even when a health benefit has not been demonstrated. Perry et al., BMJ Mental Health.
A US working paper by Allcott and colleagues, revised in September 2026, examines lockable phone pouches. It links different data sources and uses staggered introduction for a quasi-experimental comparison. It finds markedly less use at school. Average test-score effects are close to zero but vary by school stage; discipline and wellbeing follow different trajectories over time. This is recent research still presented as a working paper. A particular storage solution should also not be equated with every form of school phone ban. NBER, Working Paper 35132.
A 2026 meta-analysis of daily changes in screen use and sleep includes 25 studies with 4,562 participants aged three to twenty-five. Higher-than-usual use was, on average, weakly associated with later sleep onset; other pooled sleep measures showed no statistically significant overall associations. The analysis examined screens in general and short-term changes. For regulation, this suggests considering timing and specific functions as well. JAMA Pediatrics, original abstract.
For young adults, a 2025 study of 373 eighteen- to twenty-four-year-olds is informative. Of these, 295 chose a one-week social media break; several mental health symptom scores improved. Self-selection and the absence of a randomised control group limit the conclusions. The finding supports further investigation of self-regulation, but establishes neither a lasting effect nor the effect of a government ban. Calvert et al., JAMA Network Open.
Education, too, must be judged by its effects. A randomised study published in September 2026, involving 1,012 thirteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds, examined health warnings. Some warnings were perceived as more effective than neutral messages. The outcomes measured were perceptions and intentions, rather than long-term behavioural change. Those advocating media literacy should therefore ask for measurable outcomes just as they would for a ban. Grummon et al., JAMA Health Forum.
A review of legislative approaches published in September 2026 assesses 39 empirical papers, policy analyses and other contributions. Its search ends in March 2026. It identifies both potential approaches and gaps in research on effects. The number of publications does not mean that 39 controlled studies have validated a particular ban. Nagata et al., Evidence for Social Media Legislation Strategies.
A scoping review published in Communications Psychology on 26 September 2026 examines 45 studies of social media reduction and detox interventions from 2015 to 2025. It describes substantial methodological limitations. One point is particularly relevant to policy transfer: only one included study had a mean participant age below sixteen. This does not mean that no minors were studied. It does show how cautiously findings from predominantly older samples must be applied to younger children. The review examines intervention research; it does not thereby disprove every observed health risk. Calvert et al., scoping review of the strength of detox evidence.
The health debate captures only part of the problem. Protection from abuse also concerns perpetrators' behaviour, accessible help and enforcement of existing rules.
Germany's police crime prevention service explicitly explains that cyberbullying is not a standalone criminal offence, but may involve offences such as insult, threats or defamation. Violations of personality rights may also be relevant. Whether a particular act is criminal depends on the statutory requirements. The threshold of psychological harm mentioned in the discussion therefore expresses an important protective principle, rather than a universally applicable legal definition. Police crime prevention service, legal explanation.
Section 176b of Germany's Criminal Code, StGB, is among the provisions relevant to preparing the sexual abuse of children. In policy discussions, “cybergrooming” should not be used to describe any unpleasant contact. It concerns a specific set of serious abusive behaviours that prevention and law enforcement need to address directly. Current statutory text.
A minimum age for accounts addresses these issues only partly. Safe contact settings, accessible reporting channels, prompt handling and support for those affected are also necessary. The European Commission identifies precisely these elements in its guidelines on protecting minors. DSA guidelines, 14 July 2025.
Germany's government adopted policy principles for protecting children and young people in digital media. As a national interim measure until European age rules are established, social network use would generally be prohibited below thirteen, with exemptions for demonstrably child-appropriate services. Graduated safeguards are planned for older minors. This is a concrete political mandate for implementation; it does not itself bring a general age law into force. Federal ministry press release.
The package combines age rules with providers' responsibilities and empowerment. Planned measures include media education, support for parents and a “KI-Seepferdchen”, an introductory AI skills programme for primary-school children. The “d-you” digital identity wallet planned for 2027 is intended to enable age verification with minimal data disclosure; its use is to remain voluntary. Implementation is subject to allocation of responsibilities and budget constraints. Policy principles, especially pages 2–7.
The government's stated approach therefore uses several instruments. Criticism suggesting that it relies exclusively on bans would misrepresent the package. The details, funding, responsibilities and effects need to be examined.
On 7 October, the Cabinet had already adopted a bill against online abuse, covering issues including sexualised deepfakes, cyberstalking and civil enforcement. Here, too, adopting a draft does not mean the legislative process is complete. Federal government, bill against online abuse.
The Digital Services Act, DSA, is already in force. Article 28 requires covered online platforms accessible to minors to take appropriate and proportionate protective measures. Profiling-based advertising is prohibited where a platform knows with reasonable certainty that the person concerned is a minor. These duties do not additionally oblige platforms to process personal data solely to establish age. The scope and exemptions, including for certain smaller providers, still need to be considered. DSA, particularly Articles 19 and 28.
The July 2025 guidelines explain possible safeguards: private default settings, safer recommender systems, restrictions on features designed to keep users engaged and better reporting channels. The guidelines provide voluntary guidance on meeting legal obligations; following them does not automatically guarantee compliance. They are not an already applicable general EU ban on accounts. Commission explanation of the DSA guidelines.
The European Commission presented its proposal for the EU KIDS Act on 17 September 2026. As of 15 October, Parliament's register still lists the procedure at the preparatory stage. Parliament and the Council must first adopt the final legal act. A headline such as “The EU has banned social media for children” misrepresents this stage of the process. Commission proposal, European Parliament procedure register.
For certain social networks and video platforms with risk-related features, the proposal provides for graduated accounts:
| Age | Proposed access |
|---|---|
| Under 13 | No personal account; a narrowly defined option for specially designed video services would remain available through a parent or guardian's account. |
| 13 and 14 | A restricted account set up by a parent or guardian, with continuously active safeguards, a maximum of one hour's use a day and approved contacts. |
| 15 and above | An independently held account; protection of minors remains relevant until adulthood. |
The proposal also includes safe-design requirements addressing features such as endless engagement loops and unwanted contact. Further requirements also concern games, app stores and AI systems. Age rules for certain accounts therefore do not amount to a ban on every digital learning and communication service. Commission explanation of the KIDS Act, proposal, particularly Articles 6 and 7.
In Australia, covered platforms have been required since 10 December 2025 to take reasonable steps to prevent under-sixteens from holding accounts. Responsibility and potential penalties fall on providers, rather than children or parents. Certain services are exempt; reading publicly available material without an account is distinguished from holding a personal account. eSafety, current explanations.
The first published evaluation presents a mixed early picture. Three months after implementation, the proportion of under-sixteens in the study holding a social media account fell from 52.4 to 42.1 per cent. Use with or without an account fell from 85.9 to 81.5 per cent. The data were collected in March and published in July 2026. The regulator stresses that this early snapshot does not yet allow a robust assessment of the longer-term intended outcomes. Blocked accounts and improvements in health are different measures of success. eSafety, first evaluation of 31 July 2026.
On 14 August 2026, France's Conseil constitutionnel declared the general under-fifteen access rule in Article 1 of a law unconstitutional. Among other points, the decision criticises the broad coverage of services with different risk profiles, insufficient individual differentiation and inadequate safeguards in age verification. At the same time, the court recognises that protecting children can, in principle, justify access restrictions. The decision therefore establishes neither a French blanket ban currently in force nor a general prohibition of all regulation. Nor does it automatically determine the legality of the EU proposal. Decision 2026-911 DC, particularly paragraphs 10–22.
In September 2026, Denmark's government said it would tighten its proposal to an age threshold of fifteen. An earlier proposal allowing parental approval from thirteen therefore no longer describes the newer proposal without qualification. Stricter rules on personal screens in schools were announced at the same time. The government's statement establishes its policy direction, rather than demonstrating that legislation is already fully in force. Danish Prime Minister's Office, press conference of 10 September 2026.
In April, Norway's government announced a bill for 2026. Access would become possible from 1 January of the year in which a child turns sixteen. This differs from a strict prohibition until a child's sixteenth birthday: an entire year group would gain access together, some while still fifteen. Here, too, the cited source is a dated government plan. Norwegian government explanation of the model.
These examples show different decisions about thresholds, exemptions and responsibilities. A tally of “countries banning social media” would obscure those differences.
There is no single position representing every UN body on every national age threshold. In General Comment No. 25, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child connects protection with information, access, privacy and participation. Children's evolving capacities and independence should be considered. Restrictions must be lawful, necessary and proportionate; strong age controls for prohibited services remain expressly possible. This is an interpretation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, rather than a newly adopted worldwide social media law. General Comment No. 25, particularly paragraphs 19–21, 59, 111 and 114.
UNICEF cautions against expecting age limits alone to provide adequate protection. Safe design, moderation, support for families and participation by young people form part of its recommended comprehensive approach. Movement towards less protected services also needs to be considered. This institutional assessment is not experimental proof that every age rule must fail. UNICEF statement, December 2025.
In its June 2026 family guide, UNESCO emphasises media and information literacy and support for parents. These complement regulation and safe design. This perspective is useful because it considers everyday life after a policy decision: rules need to be understood, supported and implemented. UNESCO, family guide for the digital age.
The following options can be combined. This comparison sets out their respective aims and unresolved assessment questions, drawing on the research and regulatory models described above. It is an analytical synthesis.
| Instrument | Aim and potential strength | Key assessment question |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum age for accounts | Delay access to certain services involving risks and establish a shared expectation | Which services, exemptions and age checks are proportionate; do risks actually decrease? |
| Graduated youth accounts | Allow more access as independence grows | Do safeguards work under different family circumstances? |
| Safe design | Address risks in contact functions, recommendations and mechanisms designed to keep users engaged | How are duties assessed and enforced against providers? |
| School use rules | Protect lessons, concentration and face-to-face interaction | Which rules help in everyday school life, and how much staff time do they require? |
| Managed learning environments | Keep digital tools available for specific purposes while limiting distractions | Which devices are suitable; how are private life and equal access protected? |
| Media education and guidance | Develop source evaluation, self-regulation and safe behaviour | What can young people do better afterwards, and how does support remain accessible over time? |
| Prevention, reporting and enforcement | Prevent, stop and pursue specific abuse | Can those affected obtain help quickly, and do the responsible bodies respond effectively? |
A sound decision must specify its objectives. Fewer accounts, fewer classroom disruptions, less exposure to abuse and better self-regulation are different outcomes. Each should be assessed using appropriate data. Privacy, participation and burdens on families and schools belong in the same assessment.
I find it educationally contradictory to expect digital competence from young people while failing to give them sufficient opportunities to develop it with guidance. Independence is expected as they move into training, higher education and work. It develops through experience, practice, feedback and increasing responsibility.
For me, that does not imply an entitlement to uninterrupted personal platform use during lessons. Digital education must show how to research, check claims, work with AI outputs, protect personal data and interact with other people. That requires suitable learning environments, prepared teachers and time.
Bavaria's existing rules already provide room for this. Article 56(5) of the Bavarian Education Act, BayEUG, permits digital devices during lessons and in individual cases with the supervisor's permission. Permitted applications can be specified. For years one to seven, general authorisation outside these situations is excluded. This restricts personal use while allowing educational use. Claiming that Bavaria prohibits digital education altogether would be wrong. Current statutory text, effective from 2 October 2026.
For me, the policy task therefore lies in reliable implementation. Which skills are actually being taught? Which tools are available for that purpose? And how do we prevent an easily communicated restriction from receiving more attention than the more demanding work of creating good learning conditions?
In his published account of his July plenary speech, Peter Tomaschko emphasised protection in relation to personal phone use at school. His public position on schools offers a concrete starting point for discussion. I do not infer from it that he personally supports any particular general minimum age for social media. Tomaschko's account of his plenary speech.
On Monday, 19 October, I will discuss these issues with him again on a panel. I am interested in the practical connection between protection, teaching and growing independence. We should discuss that connection as concretely as the age printed in a draft law.
My proposal starts with an everyday school situation: during a learning period, a suitable device should be a work tool. The intended applications remain available. Distracting games and personal social media services are restricted in this mode. Outside the specified times, the school's intervention ends.
MDM stands for Mobile Device Management. Depending on the device and management method, a school can use it to provide learning applications and settings, among other things. My proposal is to develop a reliable, understandable and voluntary framework for this kind of school use in Bavaria.
It would be wrong to present device management itself as a new idea. The Bavarian Ministry of Education already describes MDM, including for pupils' personal devices. Its guidance covers consent, limited management methods, time-limited restrictions and loan devices as an alternative. Schools can make the use of personal devices conditional on enrolment; nobody has to enrol their own device. Which data are processed depends on the specific system. Ministry of Education, Mobile Device Management.
The further proposal is therefore to build on existing approaches, with understandable minimum standards, available solutions, support for schools and an independent pilot. An additional product name alone would improve nothing.
The idea of “install an app and all private distractions are blocked at school” cannot automatically be implemented across different personal phones. A central distinction is between a fully managed school device and a personal device with a limited school-managed area.
With Android work profiles, personal apps and data are generally kept separate from the managed area. The organisation manages the work area. This does not imply blanket control over every personal application. Google, Android Work Profile.
Apple's User Enrollment for personal devices likewise permits only a limited set of management functions. Its documentation separates school- or organisation-managed data and accounts from the personal account; other enrolment methods allow more extensive intervention. Device type, operating system and management mode therefore need to be assessed before making a commitment. Apple, User Enrollment and device management.
Bayern-MDM would need to explain these differences openly. For some requirements, school devices or dedicated classroom tools might be the better solution. Technical compatibility, reliability and the effort involved in switching between school and personal use belong in a pilot. The proposal is therefore a development task whose feasibility and effects can be tested.
During the discussion, I suggested that pupils who do not participate should put their personal phones away during school hours. A developed approach needs one further condition: choosing against school management of a personal device must not worsen access to digital lessons. A suitable loan device or an equivalent school-provided solution therefore belongs in the model.
This is also a question of genuine choice. The European Data Protection Board points out that, where there is a power imbalance, particularly in relation to public authorities, the freedom of consent requires especially careful assessment. Agreement to device management does not automatically settle every question about the legal basis for each processing operation. EDPB, Guidelines 05/2020 on consent.
I consider the following requirements essential for a pilot:
These requirements are my elaboration of the proposal. They do not replace the technical and legal assessment of the actual model selected.
I want the debate to cover the whole developmental journey. At primary school, children can practise assessing information, recognising advertising, protecting personal data and seeking help with unpleasant contacts in protected learning environments. This does not require an unrestricted personal account on a platform involving risks.
In early adolescence, guidance that respects privacy while remaining available becomes more important. For roughly ten- to fourteen-year-olds, the American Psychological Association recommends viewing together, discussion and coaching; independence can increase as skills develop. This professional guidance does not establish a universally optimal statutory age threshold. APA, Health advisory on social media use in adolescence.
In later adolescence, greater independence should be accompanied by demonstrable competence. Rules must remain understandable and must not leave the transition to personal responsibility to chance. Young adults still need transparent services, good information and accessible support. They are adults; rules for minors cannot be transferred to them unchanged.
These four life stages offer guidance for education and policy. They do not imply that everyone reaches the same level of maturity on the same birthday.
Education must not mean leaving families to struggle alone against the design of large platforms. I consider enforceable, verifiable duties for providers necessary. These include safe defaults, understandable recommendations, restricted contact options and functioning complaint channels. Whether a proposed rule achieves these aims depends on its design and enforcement.
At the same time, a rule on paper is insufficient to develop digital agency. Schools need time and support, families need understandable information, and those affected need help. Young people should participate in shaping the rules. To me, participatory technology dialogue means taking them seriously as people affected by technology and as its future shapers.
Responsibility connects this article with my analysis of Zuckerberg's vision of the future and European technology governance: those who design digital spaces influence other people's possibilities for action. That design calls for public discussion and accountable responsibility.
I will therefore bring a concrete proposal to the next panel: expand existing opportunities for digital education, pilot a voluntary school mode under clear conditions, and examine its effects openly. Protective rules deserve the same care. Ultimately, young people should be able to act more safely, recognise risks more effectively and exercise greater agency over the technology shaping their everyday lives.
As of 15 October 2026, the KIDS Act is a proposed regulation. The parliamentary procedure is at the preparatory stage; the final text still needs to be adopted. The Commission's proposal is not a general ban already in force. EU procedure register.
For covered social networks and video platforms, the proposal generally provides for no personal accounts below thirteen, restricted parent-set-up accounts for thirteen- and fourteen-year-olds, and independent accounts from fifteen. Safe-design requirements and specific exceptions also apply. Commission explanation.
The Cabinet adopted policy principles covering planned age rules, platform responsibility and skills development. A national interim rule is planned for under-thirteens, with exemptions for child-appropriate services. Policy principles do not themselves constitute an age law immediately in force. Official press release.
The research presented here does not support such a blanket conclusion. Family interventions, school rules and government account-age restrictions are different measures with different outcomes. Less use also does not automatically demonstrate a lasting improvement in health. Review of legislative approaches.
In Germany, cyberbullying describes different behaviours and is not a standalone criminal offence. Individual acts may constitute offences such as insult, threats or defamation and infringe other rights. The possible legal consequences depend on the particular case. Police crime prevention service.
Devices are permitted during lessons and in individual cases with the supervisor's permission. For years one to seven, general authorisation outside these situations is restricted. The rules distinguish guided use from personal use. Article 56(5), BayEUG.
Bayern-MDM is my proposal for a voluntary school mode on suitable devices: learning tools remain available, distractions are limited, and school intervention ends outside the agreed times. MDM already exists in Bavaria. The proposal concerns a reliable framework, practical support and a pilot. Existing Bavarian MDM guidance.
That depends on the device and management mode. Android personal work profiles and Apple's User Enrollment limit access to private areas. A universal blocking app for every personal phone is therefore not guaranteed. Google documentation, Apple documentation.
My proposal requires an equivalent school-provided alternative. Requiring a personal device to be put away and ensuring continued participation in digital lessons are compatible requirements. Consent, access and actual implementation must be assessed together as part of the model.
I support combining education, protection and verifiable provider responsibility. UNICEF likewise recommends a comprehensive approach and cautions against expecting age limits alone to provide sufficient protection. Media education must be assessed for its practical effects just as restrictions must. UNICEF statement.
Related reading added on 18 October 2026: Digital agency matters at every stage of life. In AI After 60, I apply the ideas of understandable explanations, first-hand experience and participation to older adults. Support needs to suit each person’s circumstances.
Dominik Bösl
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